Anti-microbial and osteointegration nanotextured surfaces

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a medical device having a substrate having an exposed surface and a texture over at least part of the exposed surface. The texture includes a plurality of nanofeatures that inhibit bacterial adhesion on the surface and that also inhibit bacterial growth on the surface and have a size range between about 0.01 nanometers and about 1,000 nanometers. The texture can include a plurality of nanofeatures applied thereto such that the texture has a first particle size at a first location, a second particle size at a second location, and a gradient of particle size from the first particle size to the second particle size between the first location and the second location.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 14/948,322, filed on Nov. 22, 2015, which is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 14/513,300, filed on Oct. 14, 2014, which is a Continuation-in-Part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/054,100, filed on Oct. 15, 2013, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/715,891, filed on Oct. 19, 2012, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to surface treatments on medical implant devices, surgical tools, and other devices that are designed to inhibit microbial adhesion and/or growth and to promote osteointegration.

Description of the Related Art

In the pathogenesis of infection around implants, the initial adhesion of bacteria onto biomaterial surfaces is a critical first step. An important strategy in the reduction of orthopedic infections is to develop implant materials that prevent initial bacteria adhesion and subsequent growth onto implant surfaces. Bacterial localization and biofilm formation may lead to acute and chronic infections. Biofilm formation on implant surfaces protects bacteria from the immune system and antibiotic therapy, thus requiring an aggressive treatment of antibiotics that frequently do not work post biofilm formation. Therefore, to reduce or even prevent implant infections, various strategies have been developed aside from conventional systemic and local antibiotic treatment. Recently, there has been increasing interest for coating implants with other materials to improve osteointegration and prevent infection, chronic inflammation, and unwanted foreign body responses.

It would be beneficial to provide a surface treatment on medical implants and other medical devices that inhibit microbial adhesion and growth and enhance osteointegration of the implant into existing tissue.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

In one embodiment, the present invention is a medical device comprising a substrate having an exposed surface and a texture over at least part of the exposed surface. The texture comprises a plurality of nanofeatures that inhibit bacterial adhesion on the surface.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a medical device comprising a substrate having an exposed surface and a texture over at least part of the exposed surface. The texture comprises a plurality of nanofeatures that inhibit bacterial growth on the surface and have a size range between about 0.01 nanometers and about 1,000 nanometers.

In still another embodiment, the present invention is a medical device comprising a substrate having an exposed surface and a texture over at least part of the exposed surface. The texture comprises a plurality of nanofeatures applied thereto. The texture has a first particle size at a first location, a second particle size at a second location, and a gradient of particle size from the first particle size to the second particle size between the first location and the second location.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description, the appended claims, and the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals identify similar or identical elements.

FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a wedge implant according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 shows a lateral side elevational view of the wedge implant shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 shows a posterior side elevational view of the wedge implant shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 shows a lateral side elevational view of the wedge implant shown in FIG. 1 inserted into a vertebra in a spinal column;

FIG. 5 shows a posterior side elevational view of the wedge implant shown in FIG. 1 inserted into a vertebra a spinal column;

FIG. 6 shows a retaining plate used to retain the wedge implant shown in FIG. 1 in the vertebrae shown in FIGS. 4 and 5;

FIG. 6A shows a lateral side elevational view of the wedge implant shown in FIG. 1 inserted between adjacent vertebrae in a spinal column;

FIG. 7 shows an enlarged view of an osteointegration surface used to coat a portion of the wedge implant shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of a wedge implant assembly according to a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 shows a lateral elevational view of the wedge implant assembly shown in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 shows a posterior elevational view of the wedge implant assembly shown in FIG. 8;

FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of a wedge implant assembly according to a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 shows a posterior elevational view of the wedge implant assembly shown in FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of a wedge implant assembly according to a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 shows a medial side elevational view of the wedge implant assembly shown in FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 shows a rear perspective view of the wedge implant assembly shown in FIG. 13;

FIG. 16 shows a lateral side elevational view of the wedge implant assembly shown in FIG. 15;

FIG. 17 shows a rear perspective view of the wedge implant assembly shown in FIG. 15, with a second wedge assembly actuated to adjust the tilt angle of the top surface of the wedge implant assembly;

FIG. 18 shows a perspective view of a wedge implant assembly according to a fifth exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 19 shows a right side elevational view of the wedge implant assembly shown in FIG. 18 inserted into a vertebra of a patient;

FIG. 20 shows a posterior side elevational view of the wedge implant assembly and vertebra shown in FIG. 19;

FIG. 21 shows a left side elevational view of the wedge implant assembly, and vertebra shown in FIG. 19;

FIG. 22 shows a posterior side elevational view of the wedge implant assembly shown in FIG. 18, inserted between two adjacent vertebrae;

FIG. 23A shows an untreated titanium surface and bacterial growth thereon;

FIG. 23B shows the surface of FIG. 23A treated with TiO₂ after 16 hours of incubation;

FIG. 23C shows a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of the untreated titanium surface;

FIG. 23D shows an SEM image of the treated TiO₂ surface after 16 hours of incubation;

FIG. 24 shows a side elevational view of a treated substrate according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 25 shows a side elevational view of a treated substrate according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 26 shows a side elevational view of a treated substrate according to still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 27 shows a side elevational view of a treated substrate according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 28 shows a side elevational view of a treated substrate according to yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 29 shows a graph of different sized nanofeatures and their effect on S. aureus bacteria on a substrate; and

FIG. 30 shows a graph of the different sized nanofeatures and their effect on osteointegration capability on substrate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the drawings, like numerals indicate like elements throughout. Certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and is not to be taken as a limitation on the present invention. For purposes of this description, the terms “anterior”, “posterior”, “lateral”, “medial”, “superior” and “inferior” describe the position of surfaces or features relative to the anatomy. The term “anterior” refers to features having a relative position toward the front side of a spine, and “posterior” refers to features having a relative position toward the rear side of the spine. The term “lateral” refers to features having a relative position toward the left or right side of the spine. The term “medial” refers to features having a relative position toward the center of the spine. The term “cranial” refers to features having a relative position above other features, and the term “caudal” refers to features having a relative position below other features. The terminology includes the words specifically mentioned, derivatives thereof and words of similar import.

The embodiments illustrated below are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. These embodiments are chosen and described to best explain the principle of the invention and its application and practical use and to enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention.

Reference herein to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments necessarily mutually exclusive of other embodiments. The same applies to the term “implementation.”

As used in this application, the word “exemplary” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion.

Additionally, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form.

Referring to FIGS. 1-6, a wedge implant 100 according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown. Wedge implant 100 is inserted into a single vertebra 50 in a spine 52 to readjust the caudal and cranial plans of vertebra 50 to alleviate scoliosis in spine 52. While a single wedge implant 100 is shown being inserted into a single vertebra 50, those skilled in the art will recognize that additional wedge implants 100 can also be inserted into additional vertebrae 50 as needed to alleviate scoliosis.

Wedge implant 100 includes an outer perimeter 102 that defines implant 100. Wedge implant 100 also includes a top surface 104 extending generally in a first plane P1 and a bottom surface 106 extending in a second plane P2. Second plane P2 extends obliquely with respect to first plane P1. As shown in FIG. 2, first plane P1 intersects second plane P2 at a location “I” outside outer perimeter 102 of implant 100. Top surface 104 and bottom surface 106 can be planar surfaces. Alternatively, top surface 104 and bottom surface 106 can have other shapes, such as, for example, domed surfaces.

A medial surface 110 extends between top surface 104 and bottom surface 106 proximate to the intersection of first plane P1 and second plane P2. A lateral surface 112 extends between top surface 104 and bottom surface 106 distal from the intersection of first plane P1 and second plane P2. An anterior surface 114 extends a first distance D1 between top surface 102 and bottom surface 104 between medial surface 110 and lateral surface 112. Anterior surface 114 extends generally a constant first distance D1 across its length. A posterior surface 116 extends a second distance D2 between top surface 104 and bottom surface 106 between medial surface 110 and lateral surface 112. Posterior surface 116 extends generally a constant second distance D2 across its length. Second distance D2 is greater than first distance D1.

In an exemplary embodiment, body 102 is constructed from a material having a relatively low stiffness, such as, for example, poly-ether-ether ketone (“PEEK”), which has a modulus of elasticity about 3.6 GPa. In an exemplary embodiment, an antimicrobial and/or osteointegration surface 120, shown in detail in FIG. 7, can be disposed on each of top surface 104 and bottom surface 106. In an exemplary embodiment, the osteointegration portion of surface 120 can be titanium and the antimicrobial portion of surface 120 can be silver or titanium nanotextured or titanium oxide nanostructured.

Osteointegration surface 120 extends downwardly from top surface 104 along medial surface 110, lateral surface 112, anterior surface114, and posterior surface 116 only a portion of the way to bottom surface 106. Similarly, osteointegration surface 120 can extend upwardly from bottom surface 106 along medial surface 110, lateral surface 112, anterior surface 114, and posterior surface 116 only a portion of the way to top surface 104, resulting in a band 122 around outer perimeter 102 of implant 100 that is free from osteointegration surface 120. In an exemplary embodiment, band 122 has a cranial-to-caudal dimension of about 0.01 mm. Alternatively, band 122 can have a cranial-to-caudal dimension of greater than about 0.1 mm. The existence of band 122 allows for flexing of implant 100, which is softer with a lower modulus of elasticity than osteointegration surface 120, without loading compressive forces onto osteointegration surface 120.

To correct adult or pediatric scoliosis deformity, implant 100 can be inserted into vertebra 50 in a lateral-to-medial direction to realign spine 52 with the craniocaudal axis 59, as shown in FIG. 5. To insert wedge 100, an osteotomy is performed on vertebra 50 by making an incision 56 in vertebra 50. In an exemplary embodiment, the insertion 56 can be made from lateral side 58 of vertebra 50 inwardly toward the center of vertebra 50, and inserting implant 100 into incision 56. Alternatively, incision 56 may be made to the contralateral side of vertebra 50, with implant 100 being inserted therein. In pediatric patients, the osteotomy is formed in a way not violate the growth plate of vertebra 50. This insertion effectively pivots cranial plane P3 relative to caudal plane P4 of vertebra 50 in an effort to make cranial plane P3 and caudal plane P4 closer to match the crainocaudal axis of spine 52 and aligned in the sagittal plane.

Similarly, to correct adult or pediatric scoliosis deformity, implant 100 can be inserted into vertebra 50 in a anterior-to-posterior direction to restore lordosis or kyphosis of the spine, as shown in FIG. 4. To insert wedge 100, an osteotomy is performed on vertebra 50 by making an incision 64 in vertebra 50 from posterior side 65 of vertebra 50 inwardly toward anterior side 66 of vertebra 50, and inserting implant 100 into incision 64. This insertion effectively pivots cranial plane P3 relative to caudal plane P4 in an effort to make cranial plane P3 and caudal plane P4 closer to normal conditions to restore lordotic or kyphotic angulation the spine 52.

In either of the above two procedures, a retaining plate 180 is fixed to vertebra 50 to secure implant 100 to vertebra 50. FIG. 6 shows retaining plate 180 being used to secure implant 100 inserted in the posterior-to-anterior direction in top vertebra 50, and retaining plate 180 used to secure implant 100 inserted in the lateral-to-medial direction. The retaining plate 180 is shown in both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral alignment. However a surgeon will generally only insert retaining plate 180 from one direction in vertebra 50 or adjacent vertebrae 50.

Retaining plate 180 is an elongate member with a first hole 182 at a first end 184 thereof and a second hole 186 at a second end 188 thereof. A first screw 190 is inserted through first hole 182 and into vertebra 50 toward or parallel with cranial plane P3, while a second screw 192 is inserted through second hole 186 and into vertebra 50 toward parallel with caudal plane P4. In an exemplary embodiment, retaining plate 180 and screws 190, 192 can be made from standard biomaterials, such as titanium, or bio-resorbable materials, such as, for example, magnesium-based alloys that will ultimately dissolve by the time implant 100 has been fully engaged by vertebra 50.

While an exemplary use of implant 100 as described above is used in a single vertebra 50, those skilled in the art will recognize that in some cases, it may be more advantageous to remove a disk 70 between two adjacent vertebrae 50 and insert implant 100 between the two adjacent vertebrae 50, as an interbody implant, as shown in FIG. 6A. In such a case, screw 190 for plate 180 can be secured into the upper vertebra 50 and screw 192 for plate 180 can be secured into the lower vertebra 50.

In an exemplary embodiment, it may be necessary to remove at least a lower portion of the upper vertebra 50 and an upper portion of the lower vertebra 50 in order to properly insert implant 100.

In an alternative embodiment, referring to FIGS. 8-10, a bi-planar adjustable implant 200 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown. Implant 200 can be inserted into an osteotomy in vertebra 50 as discussed above with respect to implant 100. Alternatively, as also discussed above with respect to implant 100, upon removal of a disk between two adjacent vertebrae 50, implant 200 can be inserted into the space between the two vertebrae 50.

Implant 200 includes a body 202 having a top surface 204 and a bottom surface 206, distal from top surface 204. Top surface 204 and bottom surface 206 can be planar surfaces. Alternatively, top surface 204 and bottom surface 206 can have other shapes, such as, for example, domed surfaces.

A medial side 214 connects top surface 204 and bottom surface 206. A lateral side 220 is located distal from medial side 214. An anterior side 210 extends between medial side 214 and lateral side 220 such that anterior side 210 connects top surface 204 and bottom surface 206 to each other. A posterior side 212 extends between lateral side 220 and medial side 214, distal from anterior side 210.

Implant 200 has a first slot 230 extending from lateral side 220 toward medial side 214 and a second slot 236 extending from posterior side 220 toward anterior side 214. Slots 230, 236 allow for the insertion of wedges to alter the angle of the plane of top surface 204 with respect to bottom surface 206. The location of slot 230 relative to slot 236 allows for the adjustment of top surface 204 relative to bottom surface 206 about two axes, namely, the x and z axes as shown in FIG. 8.

A first wedge assembly 240 is inserted into first slot 230. As used herein, the term “wedge assembly” means any device, inserted in an implant, that can be manipulated to change the angle of at least one face of the implant. First wedge assembly 240 has a first member 242 translatable in a lateral-to-medial direction. In an exemplary embodiment, first member 242 is a wedge having a tapered profile from the lateral direction to the medial direction as shown in FIG. 9. A second member 244 is operatively connected to first member 242 such that operation of second member 244 translates first member 240 in the lateral-to-medial direction. In an exemplary embodiment, second member 244 can be a screw threadedly inserted through first member 242, such that rotation of second member 244 about the “Z” axis translates first member 242 in the “Z” direction. Second member 244 can include an adjusting mechanism 246, such as, for example, a screw head, extending from anterior side 214.

Similarly, a second wedge assembly 250 is inserted into second slot 236. Second wedge assembly 250 has a first member 252 translatable in a posterior-to-anterior direction. Similar to first wedge assembly 240, first member 252 is a wedge having a tapered profile from the lateral direction to the medial direction as shown in FIG. 10. A second member 254 is operatively connected to first member 252 such that operation of second member 254 translates first member 250 in the posterior-to-anterior direction. In an exemplary embodiment, second member 254 can also be a screw threadedly inserted through first member 252, such that rotation of second member 254 about the “X” axis translates second member 252 in the “X” direction. Second member 254 can include an adjusting mechanism 256, such as, for example, a screw head, extending from anterior side 210.

Translation of first member 242 of first wedge assembly 240 pivots top surface 204 with respect to bottom surface 206 about medial side 214 and translation of first member 252 of second wedge assembly 250 pivots top surface 204 with respect to bottom surface 206 about anterior side 210.

In an alternative exemplary embodiment of a wedge assembly 300, shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, instead of the wedge provided as first member 242 and 252, wedge assemblies 340, 350 utilize a cylinder 342, 352. Second member 244, 254 from wedge assembly 200 can be used to activate cylinder 342, 352, respectively. It is noted, however, that, for either wedge assembly 200 or wedge assembly 300, first wedge assembly 240 is actuated from lateral side 220 while second wedge assembly 250 is actuated from posterior side 212. It is desired to be able to actuate both first wedge assembly 240 and second wedge assembly 250 from the same side in order to minimize incisions made into the patient. Therefore, if wedge assembly 200, 300 is inserted from the lateral side of vertebra 50, it is desired to be able to actuate first wedge assembly 240 and second wedge assembly 250 from the lateral side of vertebra 50. Therefore, to actuate second wedge assembly, it may be desired to use a driver (not shown) having a right angle drive.

An alternative embodiment of an implant assembly 400 according to the present invention is shown in FIGS. 13-17. Implant assembly 400 is similar to implant assembly 300, with the exception of, instead of second wedge assembly 350, a second wedge assembly 450 is provided. Second wedge assembly 450 includes a first member 452, which is a cylinder having a plurality of gear teeth 454 formed around an exterior perimeter thereof. Second wedge assembly 450 includes a second member fixedly 456 connected to body 402 of implant assembly 400. In an exemplary embodiment, second member 456 is a toothed rack engageable with gear teeth 454 of first member 452 such that, when first member 452 is rotated, gear teeth 454 translates first member 452 along second member 456. An exemplary embodiment, as shown FIG. 17, two sets of gear teeth 454 are formed on first member 452 and two sets of toothed racks of second member 456 are connected to body 402, although those skilled in the art will recognize that more or less than two sets can be used.

An advantage of implant assembly 400 is that first member 342. A first wedge assembly 340, and first member 452 of second wedge assembly 450 can both be actuated from the same side of the patient, such as, for example, the lateral side.

Translation of first member 342 of first wedge assembly 340 pivots top surface 404 with respect to bottom surface 406 about medial side 414 and translation of first member 252 of second wedge assembly 250 pivots top surface 204 with respect to bottom surface 206 about anterior side 410.

Also, similar to wedge implant 100, wedge implant assembly 200, 300, 400 can include an antimicrobial and/or osteointegration surface disposed on top and bottom surfaces thereof, with only a portion of each of the medial side, the lateral side, the anterior side, and the posterior side, including the osteointegration surface disposed thereon.An alternative embodiment of an implant assembly 500 according to the present invention is shown in FIGS. 18-22. Implant assembly 500 is a non-adjustable bi-planar wedge. Wedge 500 is similar to wedge 100, but, instead of anterior surface 114 extending generally a constant first distance D1 across its length and posterior surface 116 extending generally a constant second distance D2 across its length, as shown in FIG. 18, at least two adjacent surfaces taper from larger to smaller, forming a bi-planar top surface 502.

By way of example only, posterior surface 510 tapers from larger to smaller in a left-to-right direction and lateral surface 512 tapers from larger to smaller in a posterior-to-anterior direction, resulting in wedge assembly 500 that can be implanted into vertebra 50, as shown in FIGS. 19-22. An advantage of wedge assembly 500 is that wedge assembly 500 can be used to simultaneously correct a spinal column 52 that has abnormal curvature into the lateral-to-medial direction as well as in the posterior-to-anterior direction. Optionally, although not shown, a retaining plate 180 can be used to secure wedge assembly 500 in vertebra 50.

FIG. 22 shows wedge assembly 500 inserted between two adjacent vertebrae 50 with a disk, similar to disc 70 previously disposed between the adjacent vertebrae 50, having been removed and wedge assembly 500 inserted therein. Optionally, plate 180 can be used to secure wedge assembly 500 between the adjacent vertebrae 50 using screw 190 to secured plate 180 to the upper vertebra 50 and screw 192 to secure plate 180 to the lower vertebra 50. As shown FIG. 22, plate 180 is attached to a lateral side of spine 52. Those skilled in the art, however, will recognize that plate 180 can also be attached to spine 152 along the posterior side of spine 52.

As used herein, the term “medical device” means a medical implant, an insertion or other type of tool, or any other item that contacts or is inserted into a patient, including, but not limited to, the devices and structures described above.

The medical device can be treated with a surface treatment that performs and/or achieves one or more of the following purposes: inhibition of microbial, bacterial, and other types of unwanted adhesion on the surface; inhibition of microbial, bacterial, and other types of unwanted growth on the surface; and enhanced osteointegration with bone and other types of living matter. Osteointegration can be defined as a “direct structural and functional connection between ordered living material, such as bone, and the surface of a load-carrying or other type of implant.”

FIGS. 23A-D are confocal images showing S. aureus colony forming units on (a) untreated Ti and (b) treated TiO₂ after 16 hours of incubation. SEM images show the (c) untreated Ti surface and the (d) treated TiO₂ surface. While TiO₂ was used to show the effectiveness of a treated surface with respect to bacteria, such as S. aureus, those skilled in the art will recognize that other bacteria, microbes, and other unwanted growths can be inhibited and even killed using other nanofeatures such as non-TiO₂ or non-oxides on an exposed surface. Examples of non-titanium base oxides can be AgO₂, while examples of non-oxides can by hydroxyapatite (HA) or CaPO₄. As used herein, the term “nanofeatures” is used to mean nanoparticles, nanotexturing, or other application to or modification of a surface that results in nano-sized features or irregularities being present on the surface.

Referring to FIG. 24, a medical device 2400 includes a substrate 2402 having an exposed surface 2404. Substrate 2402 can be constructed from a metallic material such as, for example, titanium or some other biocompatible material. Alternatively, substrate 2402 can be constructed from a non-metallic material such as, for example, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or some other biocompatible material. Still alternatively, substrate 2402 can be constructed from a mix/combination of metallic and non-metallic materials.

A texture 2406 is formed over at least part of exposed surface 2404. Texture 2406 comprises a plurality of nanofeatures 2408 that can inhibit bacterial adhesion and/or growth on surface 2404. Additionally, nanofeatures 2408 can promote osteointegration with adjoining tissue 60.

In an exemplary embodiment, nanofeatures 2408 have a size range between about 0.1 nanometers and about 1,000 nanometers. In another exemplary embodiment, nanofeatures 2408 have a size range between about 20 nanometers and about 50 nanometers and in yet another exemplary embodiment, nanofeatures 2408 have a size range between about 0.1 nanometers and about 10 nanometers.

In an exemplary embodiment, texture 2406 comprises an oxide, such as, for example, a titanium oxide or a titanium dioxide, although those skilled in the art will recognize that other types of oxides or even non-oxides can be provided as texture 2406.

In a further exemplary embodiment, texture 2406 comprises the deposition of a coating of an oxide (or other nanofeatured material) onto substrate 2402. In an exemplary embodiment of a deposition method, nanophase titanium dioxide was synthesized using a wet chemical synthesis and was deposited on Ti-6Al-4V titanium screws (equivalent to substrate 2402) using a cathodic arc deposition plasma system. Bacterial assays were conducted using Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC® 29740™), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC® 39324™) and an ampicillin resistant strain of E. coli (BIO-RAD Strain HB101 K-12 #166-0408 and pGLO Plasmid #166-0405). 0.03% tryptic soy broth (TSB) (Sigma Aldrich, Cat # 22092) and agar (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat # A1296) were used as the media and colony forming assays were performed to determine bacterial adhesion.

Nanophase titanium dioxide was successfully synthesized and applied onto the desired exposed surface of a substrate. A statistically significant decrease in bacterial adhesion was observed across all 3 strains of bacteria; an example of confocal images for S. Aureus is given in FIGS. 23A-D. In addition, decreased macrophage functions and increase osteoblast functions were also observed in the nano TiO₂ treated Ti6Al4V screws. It is noted that this was all achieved without the use of drugs and/or antibiotics, decreasing the chance for the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria and drug side effects.

An alternative method or nanotexturing surface 2404 is by surface etching or otherwise treating surface 2404 according to known methods. For example, a titanium surface can be bombarded with oxygen to simultaneously texturize and oxidize surface 2404 such that the nanofeatures are formed from substrate 2402 itself.

Referring to FIG. 25, nanoparticles having a first particle size range 2502 and a second particle size range 2504 can by mixed together and randomly applied to substrate 2402. Alternatively, referring to FIG. 26, nanoparticles having a first size range 2502 (such as, for example, about 100 nanometers) can be applied to substrate 2402 and then nanoparticles having a second size range 2504 (such as, for example, about 5 nanometers) can be applied on top of the nanoparticles having the first size range 2502.

As shown in FIGS. 25 and 26, nanoparticles 2502, 2504 can be different shapes. Although spherical nanoparticles 2502 and elongated nanoparticles 2504 are shown, those skilled in the art will recognize that the nanoparticles can be other shapes, such as, for example, irregularly shaped, nanotubular, or other shapes.

FIG. 27 shows nanoparticles of differing size ranges being applied to different locations on substrate 2402. Nanofeatures 2702 at a first location 2704 have a first size range and nanofeatures 2706 at a second location 2708 have a second size range, different from the first size range. Optionally, as shown in FIG. 27, nanofeatures 2702 at first location 2704 have a first shape, and nanofeatures 2706 at second location 2708 have a second shape, different from the first shape.

The features shown in FIG. 27 can be formed by masking second location 2708 of substrate 2402 with a mask so that nanofeatures cannot be applied to second location 2708. Nanofeatures 2702 are then applied to the exposed (first location 2704) portion of substrate 2402.

Then, the mask is removed from second location 2708 and a second mask is applied over first location 2704 and nanofeatures 2706 are then applied to the exposed (second location 2708) portion of substrate 2402.

The material used for the mask can be bees wax, fish glue, coconut oil, sequential dipping, tape, plastic caps, metallic feature, or any other material or method can be used to cover substrate 2402. Alternatively, if the nanotexturing is applied by electrochemical deposition, only the portion of substrate 2402 to which the nanofeatures are to be applied is dipped in a chemical bath so that only that part of substrate 2402 is coated.

Additionally, nanoparticles having different size ranges can be provided at surface 2404 to perform different functions. For example, a first particle size range is sized to enhance osteoconductivity and a second particle size range is sized to enhance anti-bacterial properties.

By way of example only, and referring back to FIG. 27, a texture extends over at least part of the exposed surface 2404. The texture comprises a plurality of nanofeatures, such as, for example, differing sizes and differing shapes, as described above. The nanofeatures inhibit bacterial growth on surface 2404 and can have a size range between about 0.01 nanometers and about 1,000 nanometers.

In an exemplary embodiment, a first range within the size range produces a first property and a second range within the size range produces a second property, different from the first property. For example, the first property can inhibit bacterial adhesion on the surface 2404 while the second property enhances osteointegration of the texture 2406. Further, the first size range can be between about 0.01 nanometers and about 1,000 nanometers, while the second size range can be between about 15 nanometers and about 3 millimeters.

Referring to FIG. 28, a substrate 2802 has an exposed surface 2804 and has a texture 2806 over at least part of exposed surface 2804. Texture 2806 has a plurality of nanofeatures applied thereto. Texture 2806 has a first particle size 2810 at a first location 2812, a second particle size 2814 at a second location 2816, and a gradient 2818 of particle size from first particle size 2810 to second particle size 2814 between first location 2812 and second location 2816.

FIG. 29 shows a graph of anti-bacterial properties of different sized nanofeatures and how they kill S. aureus bacteria. As seen on the graph, smaller sized nanofeatures (in the range of about 15 nanometers and smaller) are more effective at killing S. aureus than larger size nanofeatures (in the range of greater than about 30 nanometers).

By comparison, FIG. 30 shows a graph of osteointegration of nanofeatures on a substrate after 3 days (left column of each pair) and 5 days (right column of each pair). As can be seen, nanofeatures in the 30 nanometer range demonstrate the largest amount of osteoblasts, indicating better osteointegration capability.

Therefore, by providing nanfeatures of differing size ranges, such as about 15 nanometers and smaller and about 30 nanometers, a nanotextured surface has both antimicrobial and osteo integration properties.

It will be further understood that various changes in the details, materials, and arrangements of the parts which have been described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of this invention may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as expressed in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A medical device comprising: a substrate having an exposed surface; and a texture over at least part of the exposed surface, the texture comprising a plurality of nanofeatures, the nanofeatures inhibiting bacterial adhesion on the surface, wherein the nanofeatures are formed on the substrate, and wherein the nanofeatures comprise a first size range on the substrate and a second size range, smaller than the first size range, on top of the first size.
 2. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the nanofeatures promote osteointegration.
 3. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the nanofeatures have a size range between about 0.1 nanometers and about 1,000 nanometers.
 4. The medical device according to claim 3, wherein the nanofeatures have a size range between about 20 nanometers and about 50 nanometers.
 5. The medical device according to claim 3, wherein the nanofeatures have a size range between about 0.1 nanometers and about 10 nanometers.
 6. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the texture comprises an oxide.
 7. The medical device according to claim 6, wherein the oxide comprises a titanium oxide.
 8. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the texture further comprises deposition of an oxide.
 9. The medical device according to claim 8, wherein the oxide comprises a titanium oxide.
 10. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the nanofeatures are generally spherical in shape.
 11. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the nanofeatures are irregularly shaped.
 12. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the nanofeatures are generally elongated in shape.
 13. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the nanofeatures are nanotubes.
 14. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the texture further comprises a coating.
 15. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the texture comprises a surface etching.
 16. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a metallic material.
 17. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a non-metallic material.
 18. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the nanofeatures are randomly distributed on the substrate.
 19. The medical device according to claim 1, wherein the surface is texturized.
 20. A medical device comprising: a substrate having an exposed surface; and a texture over at least part of the exposed surface, the texture comprising a plurality of nanofeatures, the nanofeatures inhibiting bacterial adhesion on the surface, wherein the plurality of nanofeatures comprise a first plurality of nanoparticles having a first size range attached to the surface and a second plurality of nanoparticles having a second size range, different from the first size range, on top of the first plurality of nanoparticles.
 21. The medical device according to claim 20, wherein the first plurality of nanoparticles has a first shape and wherein the second plurality of nanoparticles has a second shape, different from the first shape.
 22. The medical device according to claim 20, wherein the first plurality of nanoparticles enhances osteoconductivity and wherein the second plurality of nanoparticles enhances anti-bacterial properties. 